Sound command and control can be especially challenging.” 2 As Milan Vego points out, joint operations are inherently complex “because of the need to sequence and synchronize the movements and actions of disparate force elements. Among the inter-Service gaps to be bridged are differences in doctrine, technology, weapons, planning, and more abstract factors such as culture. Effectively conducting such operations, however, presents challenges not encountered by a single Service operating alone. In a practical way, the two Services have always been complementary, with armies fighting on land, seizing and occupying terrain, while navies provided transportation, sustainment, and, when possible, fire support. ![]() While the term joint operations had not yet become part of the profession’s language, the concept was anything but new, as centuries of warriors had recognized the advantages of soldiers and sailors working together. ![]() McClellan’s commendation acknowledged that the operations’ success resulted from cooperation between Grant’s land and Foote’s naval forces. With those fortifications now in Union hands, the heart of the western Confederacy was laid open to further operations by U.S. Confederate generals had counted on the two forts to stop Federal forces from moving south along the two rivers, both natural avenues of advance-the Tennessee reaching into the piney woods of northeast Mississippi, the Cumberland bending southeast toward Tennessee’s Confederate state capital of Nashville. 1 Ten days earlier, the two officers and their commands had captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, just 10 miles to the west. Navy for the recent capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River in Tennessee. McClellan sent his appreciation to Brigadier General Ulysses S. In February 1862, Major General George B. Learning the Art of Joint Operations: Ulysses S.
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